The big picture
Vietnamese numbers are compositional and predictable in their structure — but three signature sound shifts happen in compounds: một → mốt (1 in units after 20), năm → lăm (5 in units past 10), and bốn → tư (4 in ordinals and some idioms). Latin script with rich diacritics — every tone mark matters.
Zero to ten
Eleven base words. Pay attention to the diacritics — tone marks distinguish meaning and must be written/heard accurately.
11 – 19: mười + digit
Add the unit after mười. One anomaly: 15 = mười lăm, not mười năm. The five → lăm shift kicks in already at 15 because mười năm happens to also mean "ten years."
20 – 99: mươi + shifts
Past 20, the tens word changes spelling: mười → mươi (different vowel and tone). And both sound shifts activate: 1 → mốt and 5 → lăm when they sit in the units position.
The tens: digit + mươi
Compounds: where 1 and 5 shift
100+ with linh / lẻ
trăm = 100. nghìn (North) or ngàn (South) = 1,000. triệu = million. tỷ = billion (10⁹, short scale). When a tens digit is zero in the middle of a number, fill the gap with linh (North) or lẻ (South) — the spoken equivalent of the missing place value.
North / South split
Standard in Hanoi, the Mekong Delta is mixed, and most formal/news Vietnamese.
Standard in Saigon/Ho Chi Minh City and most southern regions. Both versions are mutually intelligible.
Larger units
Ordinals
Add thứ before the cardinal. Two substitutions happen, both from Sino-Vietnamese: một → nhất for "first" and bốn → tư for "fourth." Everything else just takes the prefix as-is.
Things to remember
Five rules covering the shifts, filler, and ordinal substitutions.
Reading is one thing.
Hearing it at speed is another.
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